|
Nutritional And Health Values Of African Walnut (Tetracarpidium Conophorum)
[Full Text]
AUTHOR(S)
A. M. Kanu, J. E. Kalu, A. C. Okorie
KEYWORDS
Index Terms: T. conophorum, nutritional, health benefits, medicinal, chemical composition, seeds, African walnut.
ABSTRACT
Abstract: African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae is a perennial climber widely distributed and consumed by the inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa. The plant is cultivated principally for the nuts which are consumed as snacks. T. conophorum are a rich source of protein, carbohydrate, fats and oil, vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth and overall nutritional wellbeing. T. conophorum contain wonderful plant based polyunsaturated fatty acids such as alpha linolenic acid. They also contain healthful monosaturated fats. T. conophorum carries many notable plant derived chemical compounds that are known to have disease preventing and health promoting properties. Over all T. conophorum is an important plant with a wide array of potential nutritional and health benefits which demands for development of value added products from them
REFERENCES
[1] A. Ihemeje, S. U. Okorie, and C. Ekwe Charles, “Ef-fects of processing methods on the biochemical, functional and anti-nutritional properties of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)”, J Biol Sci Bio-conv., 4: 55, 2010.
[2] C. A. Edem, M. I. Dosunmu and F. I. Bassey , “ Determination of proximate composition, ascorbic acid and heavy metal content of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)”, Acad R Int., 4(6): 501 – 512, 2009.
[3] O. L. Oke, “Leaf protein research in Nigeria Ibadan”, University of Ibadan Press, USA, 1995.
[4] C. C. Ojobor, C.A Anosike and C.C Ani, “Studies on the phytochemical and nutritional properties of Tetra-carpidium conophorum (Black walnut) seeds”, J Global Biosci, 4(2): 1366 – 1372, 2015.
[5] P. B. Ayoola, A. Adeyeye, O. O. Onawumi and O. O. P. Faboya, “Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Nigerian walnut) root”, IJRRAS., 7(2): 197 – 202, 2011.
[6] O. O. E. Onawumi, O. O. P. Faboya and P. B.Ayoola, “Chemical evaluation and nutritive values of African walnut leaf (Plukeneta conophora Mull. Arg)”, Int J Herb Med., 1 (3): 122 – 126, 2013.
[7] N. Chauhan, K. C. Wang, J. Weigel and M. N. Malik, “Walnut extract inhibits the fibrilization of myloid beta protein and defribrillizes its pre informed fibrils”, Curr Alzhe Res., 1(3): 183 – 188, 2004.
[8] D. Ouya, “Leakey speaks on the trees of life”, Agrofo-restry news, Retrieved from http://worldagroforestry.org/newsroom/media-coverage, 2013.
[9] S. P. Malu, G. O. Obochi, C, A. Edem and B. E. Nyong, “Effects of methods of extraction on phytochemical constituents and antibacterial properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds”, Glob J Pure Appl Sci., 15 (3): 373 – 376, 2009.
[10] E .O. Ajaiyeoba and D. A. Fadare, “Antimicrobial po-tential of extracts and fractions of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)”, Afr J Biotechnol., 5(22): 2322 – 2326, 2006.
[11] C. C. Ekwe and A. Ihemeje, “Evaluation of physio-chemical properties and preservation of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)”, Acad R Int., 4(6): 501 – 512, 2013.
[12] E. C. Ndie, C. V. Nnamani and H, O. Oselebe, “Some physicochemical characteristics of defatted flour derived from African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum): an underutilized legume”, Pak J Nutri., 9(9): 909 – 911. 2010
[13] J. Janick and R .E. Paul, “The encyclopedia of fruits and nuts”, Oxfordshire: CAB International, 2008.
[14] J. Bailey, “Collins internet-linked dictionary of Botany”. Harper Collins Publishers, 2006.
[15] K. O. Oyekale, O. I. Odutayo, E. B. Esan, K. O. Ogun-wemimo, O. A. Denton and D. T. Bolaji, “Comparative studies on phytochemical and proximate composition of four morphologically distinct segments of the conophor seedling (Tetracarpidium conophorum Hutch. & Dalziel)”, Brazil J Biol Sci 2, (3):91-100. ISSN 2358, 2015.
[16] S. O. Oluwole and O. T. Okusanya, “Dormancy and seed germination in the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg)”, J Sci Res Dev., 1:9-14, 1993.
[17] M. U. Akpuaka and E. Nwankwo, “ Extraction, analysis and utilization of a drying oil from Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds (Nigerian walnut)”, Glycoconjugation J., 11: 299 – 303. 2000.
[18] S. C. Udedi, O. N. Ani, B. N. Anajekwu, I. O. Igwilo, C. J. Ononamadu, C. S. Adindu, and U. M. Okafor, “Comparative proximate analyses of raw and cooked Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) found in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria”, Biosci., 1(2): 114 – 118, 2013.
[19] L. G. Hassan and K. J. Umar, “Nutritive value of bal-sam, Momordicabalsanina L. apple and leaves”, Pakistani J Nutr, 5(6): 522- 529, 2006.
[20] B. Kalu, “How walnut stops breast cancer, infertility and microbes”, Wisehealthyliving .blogspot.com, 2010
[21] N. R. James, “Volatile compounds of green walnut husks”, J Agric Chem., 48 (7): 2858 – 2861, 2009.
[22] O. B. Ayodele, “Nutrition in Nigeria” Ibadan Catoon Publishers, 2003
[23] V. N. Enujiugha, “Chemical and functional characteris-tics of conophor nut”, Pak J Nutri., 2 (6): 335 – 338, 2003.
[24] U. O. Amaeze, G. A. Ayoola, M. O. Sodiya, A. A. Ade-poju-Bello, A. O. Adegoke, and H. A. B. Coker, “Evaluation of anti-oxidant activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Mull. Arg) Hutch & Dalziel leaves”, Oxidative Med Cell Long., 13: 1 – 7, 2011.
[25] T. Animashun, R. A. Togun and C. R. Hughes, “Characterization of isolectins in Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds (Nigerian walnut)”, Glycoconjugation J., 11: 299 – 303, 1994.
[26] K. M. Ezealisiji, A. E. Omotosho, R. Udoh and M. O. Agbo, “Wound healing activity of hexane and methanol extracts of Tetracarpiduim conophorum (Mull. ARG) Hutch (African walnut) in wistar rats”, Malaysian Pharm sci., 12 (1): 79 – 88, 2014.
[27] S. F. Akomolafe, G. Oboh, A. A. Akindahunsi and J. A. Afolayan, “ Antiperoxidative activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum leaf extract in reproductive organs of male rats”, Evidence B Comple Alt Med., 2015(2015), Article ID 798491: 1- 8, 2015.
[28] A. W. Obianime and F. I. Uche, “The effects of aqueous extracts of Tetracarpidium conophorum seeds on the hormonal parameters of male guinea pigs”, Asia Pac J Trop Med., 3(1): 21 – 24, 2010.
[29] D. Adekunle and A. Oluwafumilayo, “Dietary effects of African walnut (T. conophorum) on the reproductive indices in male African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) brood stock”, J Coast Life Med., 3(6): 471 – 475, 2010.
[30] E. V. Ikpeme, U. B. Ekaulo, O. Udensi, E. E. Ekerette, P. B. Ekpo, and B. O. Asuquo, “Sperm quality and hor-mone profile of male albino rats fed with seeds of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum, Mull)”, Ann Res Rev Biol., 4(9): 1379 – 1386, 2014.
[31] D. O. Onwuli, H. Brown and H. A. Ozoani, “Antihyperglycaemic effect of Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts in alloxan induced diabetic female albino rats”, ISRN Endocrinol, 2014 (2014): 1- 4. article ID , 2014.
[32] M. A. Ezealisiji, S. C. Ijeomah and M. O. Agbo, “Anti-ulcer activity of African walnut ‘Tetracarpidium conophorum’ nuts against gastric ulcers in rats”, Asia Pac J Trop Dis., 4(1): 671- 674, 2014.
[33] B. M. Olabinri, O. O. Eniyansoro, C. O. Okoronkwo, P. F. Olabinri and M. T. Olaleye, “Evaluation of chelating ability of aqueous extract of Tetracarpidium conopho-rum (African walnut) in Vitro”, Int J Appl Res Nat Proc., 3(3): 13 – 18, 2010.
|